In order to improve service quality and satisfy specific delivery requests from different kinds of customers, recently suppliers are tending to afford more efficient and convenient distribution services rather than follow traditional approaches. Customers may have changed preferred hours, and wholesalers must distribute goods in different TIME windows. In this article, for the first TIME the TIME DEPENDED Petrol Station Replenishment Problem with TIME Windows (TDPSRPTW) is considered and a new mathematical programming and a column generation method is proposed to solve for it. This version of the PSRPTW is motivated by the fact that in some circumstances, traffic conditions play an important role and cannot be ignored in order to perform a realistic optimization. The TDPSRPTW consists in optimally routing a limited heterogeneous fleet of vehicles of fixed capacity during of working day when the traveling TIMEs are dependent on TIME, that is, the TIME of the day when the trip on a leg was initiated. The delivery to a customer must also satisfy the customer’s delivery TIME window. The optimization consists in finding the solution that minimizes the number of tours and the total travel TIME. The speed distributions, from which the travel TIMEs can be calculated, are supposed to be known at the beginning of the optimization. The algorithm was tested in a set of instances including 15 stations proposed by Cornillier et al. in 2009 and it has proven to be highly competitive in term of the solution quality.

In embedding method, the classical solution of partial differential equations is rarely considered for solving the optimal control problems. Applying the classical solution to obtain the optimal inner control for physical systems governed by an inhomogeneous linear wave equation with initial, final and terminal conditions, is the aim of this paper. First, the classical solution is determined. Then, by a metamorphosis, the problem is changed by one in which a linear functional to be minimized on a set of positive Radon measures.The property of the optimal measure causes to identify it as a solution of a finite linear programming problem by two steps of approximation. Therefore, the optimal control is obtained as a piecewise constant function. Moreover, the advantages of this method is explained by numerical examples and comparing the results.

The problem of transit ROUTES network design is one of the fundamental problems in moving towards sustainable urban development. This problem deals with finding the optimal configuration of transit ROUTES so as to satisfy a specific objective while holding the budget constraint. Regarding that network design is a complex and exponential problem, achieving a solution close to the exact solution (global optimum) in large-scale calls for systematic methods such as heuristic/meta-heuristic algorithms. Such algorithms have been extensively devised in the related literature, though, less effort has been put to investigate various types of transportation network topologies with specific settings. This paper aims to design urban transit ROUTES configuration in urban settings for “grid” networks in order to achieve the maximum coverage through the network within the budget level. To this end, this study proposes a novel heuristic-type algorithm dedicated to deal with grid-type networks. The proposed algorithm introduces a greedy index namely the “demand index” and exploits this index to make connections among the nodes with high levels of demand. In each iteration, the node with the highest demand index is selected and one of the candidate ROUTES passing through that node is incorporated into the existing ROUTES configuration. Comparing the results obtained from the proposed algorithm against the exact solutions in a 6×10 grid network over 30 random demand matrices suggests that the proposed algorithm is capable to hit near-optimal solutions within notably short run-TIMEs. According to the results, in comparison to the exact solution in almost 4 hours run-TIME, within only 29(±8) seconds of run-TIME, on average, the proposed algorithm can achieve solutions with 2. 9% difference from global optimal solutions.

Chitosan is known as a natural polymer which improves strength of paper. So, in this study chitosan absorption on modified kraft fibers and the increase on its efficiency were investigated. The effect of three levels (0%, 0.75% and 1.25%) of chitosanon on kraft fibers surfaces and 3% hydrogen peroxide dosage in different pH levels (5.5, 7 and 8.5) were studied. The results showed that chitosan had better performance at low dosages and alkaline conditions. Also fiber surface modification by hydrogen peroxide caused an increase of carboxyl groups and fibers anionic charge. Fibers anionic charge with the participation of chitosan formed a dual system. The apparent density increased from acidic pH to alkaline and the highest apparent density was reached in alkaline pH and 0.75 % of chitosan. Tensile strength index and burst strength index of paper were higher in alkaline pH and 0.75 % of chitosan. Whereas, chitosan and the surface modified fibers of kraft pulp did not significantly affected the tear index.

This paper, by focusing on oil resources, tries to investigate the relationship between natural resources abundance and economic growth in 8 OPEC selected countries during 1970- 2008. We used Dynamic Panel Data and Static Panel Data Model for this purpose and estimated the relations by Generalized Method of Moments, Fixed Effects and Random Effects Estimator. The results represented that there is a negative relationship between oil resources abundance and economic growth in above mentioned countries.

Background and objective: In recent decades, the industrialization of the world has gained an increasing speed and has been accompanied by a greater amount of industrial production, and this has caused an increase in the transportation of goods and subsequently dangerous substances. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the cost of lost TIME due to the delay caused by the accident of transportation of hazardous materials in 2 ROUTES with a common origin and destination in the Qazvin-Tehran ROUTES as a case stusy. Method: In the present research, the cost of delay caused by accidents and incidents of dangerous substances is calculated and compared to 2 different ROUTES with the same origin and destination using a descriptive-analytical method. The case study in this research was 2 Qazvin-Tehran ROUTES, which calculated the cost of delay caused by hazardous materials accidents at points with different AADT along the 2 study ROUTES and compared with each other. Findings: The findings of this research showed that the amount of wasted TIME on route 1 was 1441496 and on route 2 was 663268 person-hours, and the cost of delay in these two ROUTES was calculated as 16.96 billion rials and 7.8 billion rials, respectively. By comparing the obtained calculations, the difference is more than 2 TIMEs the wasted TIME and its Rial cost is evident. Conclusion: Therefore, the obtained criteria can be considered as one of the effective criteria in choosing the route in the transportation of dangerous materials and by making the necessary arrangements, a bed can be provided so that dangerous materials can be transported safely.

Semiconductor photocatalysts can effectively break down organic dye pollution. The degradation of Congo red and methylene blue by photocatalysis using a perovskite Sr2TiO4 nano-photocatalyst was investigated in this work. The nanostructure preparation method and template on photocatalytic efficiency were investigated. Results showed a correspondence of efficiency and procedure-based morphology. The catalyst was then examined using XRD, BET, FT-IR, SEM, and TGA/DTA. Under UV light irradiation, the Sr2TiO4 nanoparticle's photocatalytic activity was assessed. At room temperature, 5 ppm of Sr2TiO4 nano-photocatalyst dose, 50.0 mg/L initial dye concentration, and 60 minutes of irradiation TIME, degradation efficiencies of 94.0% for Congo red and 97.0% for methylene blue were attained. This photocatalyzed reaction exhibits a first-order behavior. For Congo red and methylene blue, the degradation rate constants were investigated. The investigation demonstrated that Sr2TiO4 nano-photocatalyst offers a high potential for methylene blue and Congo red photocatalytic degradation.